AMPK is a key regulator of cellular metabolism

Activating AMPK turns on cellular processes that generate ATP

The classical role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is as a cellular energy sensor activated by falling energy supplies – such as after exercise or in between meals – signaled by increases in AMP or ADP and decreases in ATP.

Once activated, AMPK acts to restore energy homeostasis by promoting ATP-producing catabolic pathways and inhibiting energy-consuming processes.

Steinberg, G. R. & Hardie, D. G. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00547-x.

Humans express twelve different versions of AMPK

AMPK is highly diverse. In humans, there are multiple alpha, beta, and gamma subunits that combine into 12 possible trimeric combinations of AMPK. Some tissues – like the liver and skeletal muscle – express complexes with specific subunit isoforms.

It has been historically difficult for drug developers to safely target all 12 versions of human AMPK.

Chen, Q. & Chen, Y. P. BMC Bioinformatics. 2006. 7(394). DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-394.

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Activating AMPK maintains cellular homeostasis via multiple downstream mechanisms

AMPK is involved in over 100 different cellular pathways. For example, after exercise, the active form of AMPK increases glucose and fatty acid metabolism to replete cellular ATP while also initiating key cellular recycling mechanisms.

Steinberg, G. R. & Hardie, D. G. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00547-x.

AMPK activity declines as we age

AMPK controls many pathways that are involved in aging processes. With aging, AMPK signaling is diminished, reducing function in different tissues. Even in low energy states – like after exercise – activity of some specific AMPK complexes may remain low.

Li, M., et. al. Mech. Aging. Dev. 2012. 133(11-12). 655-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.09.001.
Mortensen, B., et. al. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009. 297. E956-64. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00058.2009.

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There are currently no FDA approved direct AMPK activators available for patients

Despite considerable efforts, no direct AMPK activator has yet made it through development. Recent advancements in our understanding of AMPK activation have renewed interest in AMPK as a molecular target. Safely activating AMPK in humans has the potential to treat multiple cardiometabolic and aging-related diseases.

Steinberg, G. R. & Hardie, D. G. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.2022. DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00547-x

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About Cambrian Biopharma

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